Physics and Dynamics of Climate

Atmospheric Science

1. Earth's energy balance
Earth's energy balance: solar forcing, albedo, greenhouse effect, radiative equilibrium
solar forcingalbedogreenhouse effectradiative equilibrium
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2. Radiative transfer in climate context
Radiative transfer in climate context: shortwave/longwave, clouds, water vapour feedback
shortwave radiationlongwave radiationcloudswater vapour feedback
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3. Global circulation & heat transport
Global circulation & heat transport: Hadley cell, jets, storm tracks; role of eddies
Hadley celljetsstorm tracksrole of eddies
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4. Ocean circulation basics
Ocean circulation basics: mixed layer, thermohaline circulation, ENSO and coupled modes
mixed layerthermohaline circulationENSOcoupled modes
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5. Climate variability
Climate variability: intraseasonal (MJO), interannual (ENSO/IOD), decadal signals
MJOENSOIODdecadal signals
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6. Climate feedbacks & sensitivity
Climate feedbacks & sensitivity: lapse-rate, cloud, ice–albedo, carbon-cycle coupling
lapse-rate feedbackcloud feedbackice-albedo feedbackcarbon-cycle coupling
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7. Climate forcing mechanisms
Climate forcing mechanisms: GHGs, aerosols, land-use change, volcanic/solar forcing
GHGsaerosolsland-use changevolcanic forcingsolar forcing
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8. Climate models
Climate models: GCM structure, parameterizations, bias sources; scenario simulations
GCM structureparameterizationsbias sourcesscenario simulations
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9. Diagnostics and attribution
Diagnostics and attribution: trends, extremes, detection/attribution concepts, reanalysis use
trendsextremesdetection and attributionreanalysis use
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10. Monsoon-climate linkages (India)
Monsoon–climate linkages (especially for India): drivers, teleconnections, predictability limits
monsoon driversteleconnectionspredictability limits
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